Class 10 History chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe free notes pdf and Summary.
INTRODUCTION
Frederic Sorrieu, a French artist, prepared a series of prints in which he visualised a world, 1848.
• It showed a series of people of Europe & America marching in a long train, offering homage to the Statue of Liberty.
• Statue of Liberty is having torch of enlightenment in one hand & the Charter of Rights of Man in the other.
• On the foreground lies the shattered remains of the symbol of absolutist institution.
• Leading the procession is USA & Switzerland.
• Germany, which was not united also seen with a black, red and gold flag.
• From the heavens Christ, saints & angels are blessing them.
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND THE IDEA OF THE NATION
The French Revolution in 1789 led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens.
• French armies moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland & Italy in the 1790s & carried the idea of nationalism abroad.
• But these administrative arrangements did not go with political freedom - Taxation increased, censorship, forced recruitment in French armies seemed to outweigh advantages of administrative changes.
• French Revolution went on to become the first expression of 'Nationalism'.
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THE MAKING OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
Habsburg Empire that ruled over Austria, Hungary, was a patch work of many different regions & people.
• Half of them spoke Magyar, aristocrats spoke Polish while variety of dialects were spoken by others. Thus, it was not easy to unite them.
• The members of the aristocratic class were united by a common way of life cut across regional divisions.
• For new middle class, liberalism stood for freedom of individual & equality of all before law. In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for freedom of markets.
• Zollverein - was a customs union formed by Prussia in 1834 & joined by the German states to abolish tariff barriers & reduce the no. of currencies from over thirty to two.
• The Conservatives believed that the monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, etc., should be preserved.
• In 1815, the representatives of the European powers- Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria who had defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up settlement for Europe.
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• TREATY OF VIENNA of 1815 was signed with the object of undoing most of the changes during Napoleonic wars.
• The Bourbon dynasty was restored in France.
• The main intention of the Congress of Vienna was to resort monarchies that were overthrown by Napoleon & create new conservative order in Europe.
• There conservative regimes were autocratic, did not tolerate criticism.
• Most of them imposed censorship on newspapers, books, songs reflecting idea of liberty & freedom.
• The Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini founded two secret societies - Young Italy & Young Europe.
• Metternich called him "The most dangerous enemy of our social order."
• Soon, secret societies were formed in Germany, France, Switzerland & Poland.
THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONS (1830-1848)
• As the conservative regimes tried to consolidate their power no. of revolutions were led by liberal nationalist.
• The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830 & the Bourbon king was overthrown.
• The July Revolution sparked an uprising in which Belgium broke away from the UK of the Nether lands.
• The Treaty of Constantinople (1832) recognised Greece as an independent nation.
The Romantic Imagination & National Feeling
Romanticism, a cultural movement focused on emotion, intuition & mystical feeling to create a sense of shared collective heritage, a common cultural past, as a basis of a nation.
• Thus, vernacular language & folklores also carried the nationalist message.
• Karol Kurpinski celebrated the struggle of nation through his operas & music.
Hunger, Hardships & Popular Revolt
• In 1830s Europe saw great economic hardships.
• There were more seekers of jobs in most countries than employment.
• The weavers in Silesia led a revolt against contractors who reduced their payments.
1848: The Revolution of the Liberals
New middle class voted for all German National Assembly, drafted a constitution in the Frankfurt parliament convened in the church of St. Paul.
• They drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarch, but subject to parliament. Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia was offered this crown but he opposed & joined other monarchs to oppose elected assembly.
• Despite assertion by women, they were denied suffrage rights during the election & were admitted only as observers in the Frankfurt Parliament held in Church of St. Paul.
The making of Germany and Italy
Unification of Germany
German Middle classes wanted to unite Germany.
• These liberals were supported by large landowners called Junkers of Prussia.
• Prussia started a movement for national unification under Otto von Bishmark.
• 3 wars over 7 yrs with Austria, Denmark & France ended in Prussian victory & completed the process of unification.
• Princes & other people of German States, Chief of Prussia, Otto von Bismarck, gathered in the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles to proclaim German empire headed by Kaiser William 1 of Prussia.
Italy Unified
• Italy was divided into seven states.
• Giuseppe Garibaldi put together a programme for unifying Italy.
• He formed a secret society - Young Italy.
• Sardinia-Piedmont ruler- Victor Emmanuel II could unify Italy through wars.
• CM Cavane also led a movement to unify Italy.
• In 1860, they succeeded in driving out the Spanish rulers.
• In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of United Italy.
The Strange case of Britain
• Ireland was forcefully included in the UK in 1801, after revolt led by Wolfe Tone in 1798 against British.
VISUALISING THE NATION
• Female figure became an allegory of the nation.
• In France, she was christened Marianne. The red cap, the tricolor, the cockade are representing liberty & the Republic.
• Germania became the Allegory of Germany.
• Germania was painted by a German artist Lorenz Clasen in 1860.
• She wears a crown of oak leaves as the German oak stands for heroism.
NATIONALISM & IMPERIALISM
The idea of 'nation states' came to be accepted as natural & universal.
• The most serious source of nationalist tensions in Europe after 1871 was the area of the Balkans.
• It was under the control of Ottoman Empire & its inhabitants were known as the Slays.
• Each power - Russia, Germany, England, Austro Hungary was keen on holding power over Balkans which led to series of wars & finally the 1st World War.
• The anti-imperial movements that developed everywhere were nationalist & wanted to form independent nation-states.
• They all inspired by the sense of collective belongingness.
Class 10 History chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe free notes pdf and Summary.
Class 10 History chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe free notes pdf and Summary.
Class 10 History chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe free notes pdf and Summary.
Class 10 History chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe free notes pdf and Summary.
Class 10 History chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe free notes pdf and Summary.
Class 10 History chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe free notes pdf and Summary.
Class 10 History chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe free notes pdf.
Class 10 History chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe free notes pdf.
Class 10 History chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe free notes pdf.
Class 10 History chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe free notes pdf.
Class 10 History chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe free notes pdf.
Class 10 History chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe free notes pdf.
Class 10 History chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe free notes pdf.
Class 10 History chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe free notes pdf.
Class 10 History chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe free notes pdf.
Class 10 History chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe notes pdf.
Class 10 History chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe notes pdf.
Class 10 History chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe notes pdf.
Class 10 History chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe notes pdf.
Class 10 History chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe notes pdf.
Class 10 History chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe notes pdf.
Class 10 History chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe notes pdf.
Class 10 History chapter 1 summary the rise of Nationalism in Europe.
Class 10 History chapter 1 summary the rise of Nationalism in Europe.
Class 10 History chapter 1 summary the rise of Nationalism in Europe.
Class 10 History chapter 1 summary the rise of Nationalism in Europe .
Class 10 History chapter 1 summary the rise of Nationalism in Europe.
Class 10 History chapter 1 summary the rise of Nationalism in Europe.
Class 10 History chapter 1 summary the rise of Nationalism in Europe.
Class 10 History chapter 1 summary the rise of Nationalism in Europe.
Class 10 History chapter 1 summary the rise of Nationalism in Europe.
Class 10 History chapter 1 summary the rise of Nationalism in Europe.
Class 10 History chapter 1 summary the rise of Nationalism in Europe.
Class 10 History chapter 1 summary the rise of Nationalism in Europe .
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