Class 9 poverty as a challenge Notes

Class 9 poverty as a challenge  Note. Class 9 poverty as a challenge Notes Poverty as a challenge class 9 Notes Poverty as a challenge Notes

Poverty As A  challenge class 9

Class 9 poverty as a challenge  Notes

Poverty as a challenge class 9 Notes

Poverty as a challenge Notes 

● India has the largest single concentration of the poor in the world. This illustrates the seriousness of the challenge.

● Poverty means hunger and lack of shelter. It is also a situation in which parents are not able to send their children to school or a situation where sick people cannot afford treatment. Poverty also means lack of clean water and sanitation facilities. It also means lack of a regular job at a minimum decent level.

● Above all it means living with a sense of helplessness. Poor are in a situation in which they are ill-treated at almost every place, in farm, factories, government offices, hospitals, Railway stations etc. Obviously nobody would like to live in poverty.

Poverty as Seen by Social Scientists

● Usually, the indicators used to work out poverty, relate to the levelly of income and consumption. But now poverty is looked through other social Indicators like illiteracy level, lack of general resistance due to malnutrition, lack to access to health-care, lack of job opportunities, lack of access to safe drinking water, sanitation etc. Analysis of poverty based on social exclusion and vulnerability is now becoming very common.

(i) Social Exclusion It is a process through which individuals or groups are prevented from using facilities, benefits and opportunities that the better-off section of the society enjoy. Social exclusion can be both a cause and a consequence of poverty.

(ii) Vulnerability Vulnerability describes the greater probability of being more adversely affected then other-people when bad time comes for everybody, whether a flood or an earthquake or simply a fall in the availability of jobs.

Poverty Line

• A common method used to measure poverty is based on the income or consumption levels.

• A person is considered poor if his or her income or consumption level falls below a given minimum level necessary to fulfill basic needs.

• Poverty line may vary with time and place. Each country uses an imaginary line that is considered appropriate for its existing level of development and its accepted minimum social norms.

• While determining the poverty line in India, a minimum level of food requirement, clothing. footwear, fuel and light, education and medical requirement are determined for subsistence. There physical quantities are multiplied by their prices in rupees. The total equivalent is considered as poverty line.

• Daily minimum nutritional requirement for a person has been fixed at 2400 calories per person per day for both in rural areas and in urban areas.

The monetary expenditure per capital needed for buying these calorie requirements in terms of foodgrains ete is revised periodically taking into consideration the rise in prices.

 On the basis of these calculations, for the year 2011-12 the poverty line for a person was fixed at 7816 per month in rural areas and 1000 per month in urban areas.

• For making comparison between developing countries, many international organizations like the World Bank use a uniform standard for the poverty line, minimum availability of the equivalent of $ 1.25 per person per day.

• The present methodology of poverty estimation is not appropriate. It is only a quantitative concept. 

It captures only a limited part of what poverty really means to the people. It is about a minimum 'subsistence level of living rather than a reasonable level of living. Many scholars advocate that we must broaden the concept of human poverty.

 The other aspects like education, shelter, health, job, self-confidence, equality etc, should also be included while calculating poverty.

Poverty Estimates

• There is substantial decline in poverty ratios in India from about 55 per cent in 1993. The preparation of people below poverty line further came down to about 21 per cent in 2016. If the trend continues, people below poverty line may come down to less than 20 per cent in the next few years. The latest estimate indicates a significant reduction in the number of poor to about 260 million.

Vulnerable Groups : The proportion of people below poverty line is also not same for all social groups and economic categories in India.

• Social groups which are most vulnerable to poverty are Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe households.

• Among the economic groups, the most vulnerable groups are the rural agricultural labour households and the urban casual labour households.

Global Poverty Scenario

• The population of people in developing countries living in extreme economic poverty defined by the World Bank as living on less than that $1 per day has fallen from 28 per cent in 1960 to 21 per cent in 2011. Although, there has been a substantial reduction in global poverty, it is marked with great regional differences.

• Poverty declined substantially in China and South-East Asian countries as a result of rapid economic growth and massive investments in human resource development.

• In the countries of South Asia (India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Bhutan), the decline has not been as rapid.

• The Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations calls for reducing the proportion of people living on less than $1 a day to half the 1990 level by 2015.

Targeted Anti-Poverty Programmers

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MNREGA)

(i) It was passed in September 2005. This Act provides for 100 days assured employment every year to every rural household in 200 districts. Later the scheme will be extended to 600 districts.

 (ii) One third of the proposed jobs will be reserved for women.

(iii) The Central Government will establish National Employment Guarantee Funds. 

(iv) State Government will establish State Employment Guarantee Funds for implementation of the scheme. 

(v) Under the programme if an applicant is not provided employment within fifteen days, she/he will be entitled to a daily unemployment allowance.

National Food for Work Programme

 (i) It was launched in 2004 in 150 most backward districts of the country. 

(ii) The programme is open to all rural poor who are in need of wage employment and desire to do manual unskilled work.

 (iii) It is implemented as a 100% centrally sponsored scheme and food grains are provided free of cost to the states.

Prime Minister Swa-Rozgaar Yojana (PMSRY)

(i) It is another scheme which was started in 1993.

(ii) The aim of the programme is to create self-employment opportunities for educated unemployed youth in rural areas and small business and industries.

(iii) They are helped in setting up small business and industries.

Class 9 poverty as a challenge  Notes

Poverty as a challenge class 9 Notes

Poverty as a challenge Notes

 Class 9 poverty as a challenge  Notes

Poverty as a challenge class 9 Notes

Poverty as a challenge Notes Class 9 poverty as a challenge  Notes

Poverty as a challenge class 9 Notes

Poverty as a challenge Notes Class 9 poverty as a challenge  Notes

Poverty as a challenge class 9 Notes

Poverty as a challenge Notes Class 9 poverty as a challenge  Notes

Poverty as a challenge class 9 Notes

Poverty as a challenge Notes Class 9 poverty as a challenge  Notes

Poverty as a challenge class 9 Notes

Poverty as a challenge Notes Class 9 poverty as a challenge  Notes

Poverty as a challenge class 9 Notes

Poverty as a challenge Notes Class 9 poverty as a challenge  Notes

Poverty as a challenge class 9 Notes

Poverty as a challenge Notes Class 9 poverty as a challenge  Notes

Poverty as a challenge class 9 Notes

Poverty as a challenge Notes Class 9 poverty as a challenge  Notes

Poverty as a challenge class 9 Notes

Poverty as a challenge Notes Class 9 poverty as a challenge  Notes

Poverty as a challenge class 9 Notes

Poverty as a challenge Notes Class 9 poverty as a challenge  Notes

Poverty as a challenge class 9 Notes

Poverty as a challenge Notes Class 9 poverty as a challenge  Notes

Poverty as a challenge class 9 Notes

Poverty as a challenge Notes Class 9 poverty as a challenge  Notes

Poverty as a challenge class 9 Notes

Poverty as a challenge Notes Class 9 poverty as a challenge  Notes

Poverty as a challenge class 9 Notes

Poverty as a challenge Notes Class 9 poverty as a challenge  Notes

Poverty as a challenge class 9 Notes

Poverty as a challenge Notes Class 9 poverty as a challenge  Notes

Poverty as a challenge class 9 Notes

Poverty as a challenge Notes Class 9 poverty as a challenge  Notes

Poverty as a challenge class 9 Notes

Poverty as a challenge Notes Class 9 poverty as a challenge  Notes

Poverty as a challenge class 9 Notes.

Poverty as a challenge Notes 

Poverty as a challenge class 9 Notes.Poverty as a challenge class 9 Notes.Poverty as a challenge class 9 Notes.

Poverty as a challenge class 9 Notes.

Poverty as a challenge class 9 Notes.

Poverty as a challenge class 9 Notes.

Poverty as a challenge class 9 Notes.

Poverty as a challenge class 9 Notes.

Poverty as a challenge class 9 Notes.

Poverty as a challenge class 9 Notes.

Poverty as a challenge class 9 Notes.

Poverty as a challenge class 9 Notes.

Poverty as a challenge class 9 Notes.

Poverty as a challenge class 9 Notes.

Poverty as a challenge class 9 Notes.

Poverty as a challenge class 9 Notes.

Poverty as a challenge class 9 Notes.

Poverty as a challenge class 9 Notes.

Poverty as a challenge class 9 Notes.

Poverty as a challenge class 9 Notes.

Poverty as a challenge class 9 Notes.

Poverty as a challenge class 9 Notes.